{"id":1201,"date":"2020-01-15T13:37:51","date_gmt":"2020-01-15T12:37:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jauch.com\/blog\/?p=1201"},"modified":"2020-05-15T12:29:21","modified_gmt":"2020-05-15T10:29:21","slug":"oscillator-circuit-most-important-test-procedures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jauch.com\/blog\/en\/oscillator-circuit-most-important-test-procedures\/","title":{"rendered":"Oscillator Circuits: The Most Important Test Procedures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Many engineers do not spend much thought on quartz crystals while designing their oscillator circuit. For them, it is a standard feature that will work anyway. In fact, it\u2019s not that simple. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The oscillator circuit sets the heartbeat of the application and requires a careful matching between the quartz crystal and its other components. Otherwise the accuracy of the generated frequency suffers and the application may even fail in the field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We at Jauch want to spare our\ncustomers such problems. Therefore, we do detailed analyses of our customers\u2019 oscillator\ncircuits, aiming at an optimal match between crystal and circuit. The following\nthree parameters are examined in the course of these so called \u201cOSF Tests\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Frequency Accuracy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Oscillation Safety Factor (OSF)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) Drive Level <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frequency Accuracy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The main task of an oscillator circuit is to produce a stable and accurate frequency over the entire application period and under all environmental conditions. For this to succeed the total load capacitance (CL<\/sub>) of the oscillator circuit must be as close as possible to the nominal load capacitance (nominal CL<\/sub>) of the crystal or ideally match it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accordingly, the first step in the circuit analysis is to determine the total load capacitance (CL<\/sub>) that the quartz crystal “sees” at its two terminals. Since any direct contact with the circuit would falsify the measurement results, the measurement is carried out without contact using a near-field probe that is placed at a small distance above the circuit. The crystal is then soldered out of the circuit and measured with a Crystal Network Analyzer at nominal CL<\/sub>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The greater the deviation of the total CL<\/sub> from the nominal CL<\/sub> of the crystal, the greater the frequency deviation. However, by examining the crystal in the analyzer, it is possible to determine what corrections are necessary to improve the frequency accuracy of the circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oscillation Safety Factor (OSF)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In a second step, the oscillation\nsafety of the oscillator circuit is checked. This term describes the circuit\u2019s\nability to start up quickly and reliably under all conceivable ambient\nconditions. The analysis therefore focuses on electronic resistance within the\ncircuit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As you can see in Figure 1, a new additional resistor (R Pot) is built into the circuit in series with the quartz. The resistance of R Pot is then increased step by step until the oscillation stops. This method simulates a \u201cworst-case quartz\u201d and reveals the maximum permissible impedance for the quartz in the particular oscillator circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Fig. 1: Typical oscillation circuit (Pierce configuration) with an additional resistor to calculate the OSF<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The ratio of the maximum impedance determined in this way and the ESR,max of the crystal ultimately results in the oscillation safety factor (OSF). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For MHz crystals (AT-Cut)<\/a>, an OSF greater than 5 is considered sufficient for most standard applications. For safety-relevant applications, such as those found in the automotive sector or in medical technology, an OSF greater than 10 is usually required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For KHz crystals, OSF values between 3 and 5 must already be rated as good, and values greater than 5 as very good, due to the design these circuits for very low power consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Drive Level <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In order to prevent an overload of the quartz, it is determined which power is acting on it. For this purpose, the first step is to measure the strength of the current flowing through the quartz using a HF current clamp (Fig. 2). The “Drive Level” of the quartz is calculated from this measurement result and the parameters of the circuit already determined. The Drive Level must not exceed the maximum value specified in the quartz data sheet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Fig. 2: In order to calculate the Drive Level, the current flowing through the quartz crystal is measured.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Exceeding the maximum Drive Level may\nlead to frequency deviations or, in the worst case, even to failure of the\nquartz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adapting the Oscillator Circuit <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

An oscillator circuit that passes all three tests to satisfaction can be integrated into the intended application with a good conscience. However, if the tests reveal deficits, the circuit must be adapted. For example, if there are problems with frequency accuracy, a variation of the load capacitors in the circuit can reduce the difference between circuit CL<\/sub> and nominal CL<\/sub> of the quartz crystal and thus improve the frequency accuracy. Sometimes it is also necessary to replace the originally installed crystal with another type. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Any change to the circuit means that\nall the tests listed here must be carried out again. This makes the search for\nthe perfect match between the quartz and the circuit a tinkering job that takes\nseveral hours. Due to the small size of the components, much of the work is\ndone under the microscope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After completion of the OSF test,\nJauch provides its customers with a detailed test report. This report contains\nall important measured values and, if required, also contains clear\nrecommendations for adapting the circuit. In this way, any problems are often\ndetected and avoided before series production starts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Many engineers do not spend much thought on quartz crystals while designing their oscillator circuit. For them, it is a standard feature that will work anyway. In fact, it\u2019s not that simple. The oscillator circuit sets the heartbeat of the application and requires a careful matching between the quartz crystal and its other components. Otherwise<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":1191,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[426,427,211,425,423],"yoast_head":"\nOscillator Circuits: The Most Important Test Procedures – Jauch Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The design-in of a quartz crystal into an oscillator circuit is an elaborate task. 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